澳洲阿德莱德代写assignment:澳大利亚的贫困

2018-12-16 14:57

在澳大利亚，贫困一直存在，就像在美国一样，而且一直在增加，这导致更多的人生活在贫困中，无法获得就业所需的资源。20世纪90年代，贫困从11.3%上升到13.0%，2000年，60%的澳大利亚贫困家庭以政府援助为主要收入来源，比1990年的46%有所增加(Harding, 2002)。如何衡量贫困或贫困线并没有一个固定的标准，但在2000年，当研究占家庭平均收入50%的个人时，有3274,000人生活在贫困中，占17.5%(基本生活必需品，第66页)。澳大利亚贫困的主要原因是失业，从1990年到2000年，失业率上升，进而导致生活在贫困中的人数增加(Harding, 2002)。在澳大利亚，就像在美国一样，缺乏机会或资源，例如住房、教育、交通和住房，也被列入贫穷的定义;当个人缺乏这些资源时，就会妨碍他们的就业能力(布罗克沙)。贫穷的一个更具体定义是参与贫穷，即缺乏资源参与经济和社会生活，或无法获得某些资源，导致无法获得适当的福利;这方面的一个例子是没有适当的运输工具(基本必需品，第40页)。也像美国。在美国，澳大利亚正在经历经济衰退，经济疲软，就业市场疲软，导致失业率上升(the Bare必需品，第13页)。澳大利亚的所有地区都受到贫困的影响，但主要城市的失业和贫困情况更为严重，原因有很多，就业机会低，其中一个原因是城市的企业关闭或搬迁;城市贫民窟的住房更便宜，所以穷人往往住在这些地区，这使得他们无法获得足够的就业机会(the Bare必需品，p.107)。居住在农村社区的个人也主要受到失业和贫困的影响，因为他们也缺乏必要的就业资源，例如，他们不能步行到许多社区服务，也没有某种形式的交通工具(布罗克沙)。也影响他们的机会是低教育水平,这是一个连续不断的循环,因为经常个人的家庭没钱送他们去学校缺乏教育水平得到一份体面的工作,因此他们无法负担得起送他们的孩子上学(贫困及其起因的第19)。像美国在美国，政府有向低收入/贫困人口提供援助的项目，但这些项目大多数是针对贫困儿童的，这就排除了没有儿童的贫困人口(布罗肯沙)。这些政府援助项目在过去几年中有所改善，但是用于消除贫困的主要援助项目社会保障提供的援助低于贫困基准，那些面临生活在贫困中可能性最大的群体得到的援助(基本生活必需品)最低。当我们比较美国和澳大利亚时，我们可以看到有很多相似之处，但也有一些不同。
澳洲阿德莱德代写assignment:澳大利亚的贫困
In Australia, poverty has always been around just like in the United States, and it has been increasing, which results in more people living in poverty and lacking access to resources that are needed for employment. During the 1990’s, poverty increased from 11.3% to 13.0%, which then resulted in 60% of poor Australian families relying on government assistance as their main income in 2000, an increase from 46% in 1990 (Harding, 2002). There is not a set standard for how to measure poverty or a poverty line, but in 2000 when researching individuals who make 50% of the average household income, there were 3,274,000 individuals, 17.5%, living in poverty (The Bare Necessities, p.66). The key cause of poverty in Australia is unemployment, where from the 1990’s to 2000, the unemployment rate increased which then led to an increase in the number of individuals living in poverty (Harding, 2002). In Australia, just like in the United States, lack of opportunities or resources such as shelter, education, transportation and housing is included in the definition of poverty; when individuals lack these resources, it hinders their ability for employment (Brokensha). A more specific definition of poverty is participation poverty, which involves lacking resources to participate in economic and social life or is defined by the inability to access certain resources that result in the inability to attain a decent level of wellbeing; an example of this is not having appropriate transportation (The Bare Necessities, p.40). Also like the U.S., Australia has been going through a recession, where the economy was weak along with the job market, resulting in an increased unemployment (The Bare Necessities, p.13). All areas in Australia are affected by poverty, but unemployment and poverty are more present in major cities because there are low employment opportunities for multiple reasons, one of them being businesses in the cities have shut down or relocated; housing in the slums of the cities is cheaper, so poor people tend to live in these areas, which causes them to lack access to adequate employment opportunities (The Bare Necessities, p.107). Individuals living in rural communities are also majorly affected by unemployment and poverty because they also lack access to the necessary resources for employment, for example, not being in walking distance of a lot of community services and not having some form of transportation (Brokensha). Also affecting their opportunities is low education levels, which is a continuous cycle because, often individuals whose families could not afford to send them to school lack the education levels to get a decent job, therefore they are unable to afford to send their children to school (Poverty and its Causes p.2). Like the U.S., Australia has government programs that provide assistance to low-income/poor individuals, but the majority of these programs are for children living in poverty, which excludes individuals without children that live in poverty (Brokensha). These government assistance programs have improved over the last few years, but the main assistance program used to combat poverty, social security, provides payments that are lower than the poverty benchmark and the groups who face the highest probability of living in poverty, receive the lowest payments (The Bare Necessities). When comparing the U.S. and Australia, we can see that there are quite a few similarities, but there are some differences as well.

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