澳洲犯罪学作业代写 犯罪活动资金

洗钱是犯罪分子隐藏其犯罪活动的资金，以使其重新成为合法收入的过程。Steven M. D’antuono在他向参议院所作的发言中强调了传统的“三阶段”洗钱活动如下:“洗钱活动一般包括三个步骤:将非法收益注入金融系统;犯罪所得与原产分离的;和一体化，或使用明显合法的交易来掩盖非法收益”。然而，由于金融领域的全球化，特别是所涉及的行业类型的全球化，这一传统过程仍然具有普遍性，并存在一定的局限性。如今，随着网上支付的民主化，由于网上支付有许多替代选择和中介，可以通过放置直接洗钱。它只需要向金融机构证明是合理的，这样，洗钱者就可以通过使用其他手段轻松跳过其中一个阶段。Petrus C. van Duyne在他的《洗钱政策、恐惧与事实》一书中描述了这一过程的第四个阶段:“正当化:犯罪资金必须被正当化(这是狭义上的实际洗钱)”。这就是导致洗钱者使用金融系统直接提供的其他方法的原因。一种技术，如发票金额过高:公司以低于价值的价格运输材料，并通过签发伪造的发票，自愿将超出价值的价格提高到合谋的合伙人手中。收到货物的公司将从刑事收入中支付发票，并与合法的现金混合。该交易所似乎是合法的，因为官方文件支持他们的交易活动。与其他许多例子一样，这个例子表明，洗钱者的风险在于利用金融体系缺乏控制的优势，以使其无论使用什么程序都不会被发现。因此，要确定哪个过程对犯罪活动获利最大，就要看国际贸易和金融体系的不规范之处。

澳洲犯罪学作业代写 犯罪活动资金

Money laundering is a process whereby criminals conceal the money coming from their criminal activity in order to reintegrate it as legitimate earnings. Steven M. D’Antuono, highlights in his Statement before the Senate the traditional “three-stage” money laundering as follows: “Money laundering generally involves three steps: placing illicit proceeds into the financial system; layering, or the separation of the criminal proceeds from their origin; and integration, or the use of apparently legitimate transactions to disguise the illicit proceeds”.[1] However, this traditional process remains general and presents some limitation due to the globalisation of the financial sphere and especially the type of sector involved. Nowadays, with the democratisation of payments online, the money can be laundered directly by placement due to the many alternatives and intermediaries of payments that exist online. It simply needs to be justified to the financial institutions So, the money launderers can easily skip one of these stages by using other means. Petrus C. van Duyne depicts in his book Money Laundering Policy, Fears and facts, a fourth stage at this process: “justification: the crime-money must be justified (this is the actual laundering in the narrow sense)”.[2] This is what leads the money launderers to use other methods which are directly supplied by the financial system. A technique such as an over invoice: A company ships under value material and rise voluntary the price over the value to a colluding partner by issuing a falsified invoice. The company receiving the goods will pay the invoice from criminal revenue and mixed with legit cash. The exchange appears legitimate due to the official documents supporting their trading activity. This example as many others shows that the stake for money launderers is to take advantage of the lack of control in the financial system in order to remain undetectable whatever the process used. Therefore, the stake to determine which process will profit the most to criminal activities is to look inside the irregularities of the international trade and financial system.
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